Tuesday, August 31, 2021

The Adventures of Tom Sawyer

First, I have to say that I am so glad I finally got to read Tom Sawyer! Ask any child or adult in this world and I doubt if there will be any that has not heard about Tom Sawyer. Yes, I have heard about Tom Sawyer too and of course, I visited Tom Sawyer Island at Disney World in Florida for at least 2 times.  But to be honest, I did not know the story of him, not until I finally finished this book on August 31st, 2021.

Injun Joe
I really love the way the story developed from the beginning until the end, especially when the story involved Injun Joe, the true murderer. Each time when Tom and Huck had something to do with Injun Joe, the reader’s heart was pounding. The treasure hunt was also very exciting, and, in the end, I had to keep my fingers crossed if Tom and Huck would finally possess those 1,200+ yellow coins or not.

Tom and Becky
The chapters involving Tom and Becky were also well bound, Their relationship development was very very cute and it looked to be what actually could happen in one’s real life. I could see how they pretended not to like each other in the beginning but ended up hurting themselves by doing so. I could see how Tom sacrificed himself for Becky. He saved Becky’s face by falsely accepting that he tore the human anatomy page of Mr. Dobbins’ book. And this was how he won Becky’s heart. When they got lost in the cave together, I could see how dependable Tom was for Becky. Tom showed several traits of a great little man whom any girl could dream for.

A little bit about Huck
Huck had no parent and was homeless. He might not dare to testify against Injun Joe at the court but, in the end, he was a boy with moral when he went to tell the old man and his sons to come help the widow after he heard murderous talk from Injun Joe and the Spaniard. He really was a boy with free spirit, and he could not stand living a normal life like others. He disliked to just living in a house, doing things with the same routine every day and all that. When Tom finally successfully convinced him to stay with the widow, I still doubt if he really could be changed.

The world with no cell phone and electronics
I started to use cell phone probably around the year um, I just could not remember, probably 2006. And for the smart phone, probably around the year 2009. Now, while I was writing this paragraph in the year 2021, I could hardly see any kid or adult without smart phone, and I cannot imagine living without my laptop either. The period of the story was around 1840. If time machine was real, I would really really love to travel back through time and live there for a while. My life and my new way of life must be closer to the nature. I would ask Tom and Huck to take me to the cave and teach me how to live in the wild. It MUST be so fun!


About the Author
Mark Twain was a pen name – his actual name was Samuel Longhorne Clemens. The phrase ‘mark twain’ was shouted out by river men to indicate a water depth of two (twain) yards marked on a stick, as that was sufficient draught for the hulls of boats to pass by without fear of grounding.

Sunday, June 20, 2021

Falling Out of Fear

 Falling Out of Fear by Valerie Xu

This short story has many things to offer from the beginning to the end of the book.  The first chapter already keeps the reader engaged with the curiosity of what that orange round object, the one that kept following Abby every where, might be.  The snowman coming to life is also what we all want it to happen in real life. I am wondering if Abby lived in a wonderland, in her imagination or actually a world mixed with reality and imagination.

Each chapter is filled with little excitements and couple takeaways.  Abby found a piece of paper written "Power is not from yourself. Strength is your power, and comes from within."  Abby answered Bella to the question "...do you think we will ever find how happy one can be?", "...I don't know, I think it captures one when the moment comes, and even if one is feeling down, happiness is a part of them. They just haven't reached in that time."

At last, that orange round object was a PUMPKIN! It was not just an ordinary pumpkin, it was the pumpkin with fear, the fear of Abby's own inner thought, the fear as the pack of wolves that kept charging them and retreating on and off. But why?  Pumpkin talked to Abby with a sad smile, "I'm afraid to take risks. Exploring relationships with others scares me because it's unpredictable and the anxiety of losing a friend fills me whenever I try to become closer with someone. I don't want someone I love to leave me, you know?"

Abby helped the pumpkin fight the wolves. The pumpkin risked his life by jumping himself to protect the wolf from closely charging on Abby.  In fear of losing her new friend, Abby used all her strength to strike down the wolf, her insecurities. At last, all the wolves retreated and disappeared like the stars exploded in a blast. 

At last, the pumpkin was not with fear anymore. The unforgettable friendship, love and great memory would be part of their life long journeys forever.  Abby, in the end, was falling out of fear.

      --- Love is beautiful. Love is unconditional. Do not be afraid to love.---



Friday, May 28, 2021

Twilight over Burma

 Twilight over Burma, My Life as a Shan Princess

I checked out this book from the library because my NC close friend, Duang talked about the movie of the same name, plus the coup that has been going on in Myanmar since February 1st.  I enjoyed reading the book. I learned that the last Prince of Hsipaw – called Sao Kya Seng was a good man indeed. I could sense how much he cared for his Austrian wife and his people. He was also leading with virtue and wanted his people to thrive with better quality of life. He was also planning to form democratic government instead of having him alone to make all decisions. Basically, he learned American ways and wanted to adopt what he thought were good in Shan state. I also learned that the military coup this year, 2021 led by Min Aung Hlaing was also as cruel and inhumane as the coup led by Ne Win in 1962 which was also the starting of the military ruling from 1962 until 2011. Well, and again now in 2021!

I have to mention about the Prince' wife, Mahadevi Thusandi or Inge as well.  She might be just in her early 20s when she moved to Hsipaw. She was very charming, brave, very supportive, determined and well adapted to the life completely different than where she was born, Austria. Prince Sao and Inge were indeed a match made in heaven. It was so heart breaking when she tried by all means to search and contact her husband until she had to decide to leave Burma. Her depression also let her to a new enlightenment through meditation. I could not imagine how I could get through day by day when facing such a life and death situation again and again like her. I really wish her well. 

Credit https://www.frontiermyanmar.net/en/the-last-prince-of-hsipaw/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inge_Sargent

Sunday, May 23, 2021

The Picture of Dorian Gray

 Time flies...  I thought I just finished reading The Picture of Dorian Gray earlier the year and now May is almost over.

The Picture of Dorian Gray 
This book was recommended by Jasmine.  She said she has not read the book though. LoL This is one of my favorite books. Again, I started reading the book without reading review about it from anywhere else to see how I really felt about the book.  Even it is a fiction but I consider it as very well representing real human complicated mind. 

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Picture_of_Dorian_Gray


Saturday, January 2, 2021

2020 Covid-19 cases


Month

US cases

US deaths

GA cases

GA deaths

January

7

N/A

N/A

N/A

February

24

1

N/A

N/A

March

185,991

3,806

4,117

125

April

1,062,028

57,137

26,260

1,132

May

1,774,034

97,959

47,063

2,053

June

2,588,017

117,028

81,291

2,805

July

4,483,612

142,064

186,352

3,752

August

5,925,031

171,957

270,471

5,632

September

7,093,786

194,780

318,026

7,021

October

8,914,806

217,905

360,790

7,979

November

13,105,870

253,192

422,133

8,778

December

19,005,788

326,867

488,338

9,302


Friday, January 1, 2021

Goodbye 2020

 January

The first confirmed case of the virus in the United States was discovered on January 21, 2020. The infected individual was a man in his 30s from Washington state. He traveled from Wuhan, China, but he said he did not interact with anyone known to have been infected with the virus, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention officials.

The CDC confirmed that the patient traveled through Seattle-Tacoma International Airport on Jan. 15 and developed symptoms shortly after. When he saw a doctor, a clinical specimen was collected and sent to the CDC for lab testing.

On January 31, 2020,
the Trump administration restricted travel from China.

 
Covid-19 cases – US 7 cases

Life in January - Nothing much in January.  Life went on as normal. No one tried to stock up household stuff yet. No masks up. I searched surgical masks online in hope of stocking some just in case but it was out of stock every site.

February

On February 7, 2020, Dr. Li Wenliang, a Chinese doctor, died after contracting the coronavirus, he was hailed as a hero by many for trying to ring early alarms that infections could spin out of control.

On February 11, the WHO announced the formal name for the virus, COVID-19. 

"Having a name matters to prevent the use of other names that can be inaccurate or stigmatizing. It also gives us a standard format to use for any future coronavirus outbreaks," said Dr. Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus, Director-General of WHO, when the name was announced.

On February 23, Italy saw a major surge in cases.

Around February and March, US brought about 400-500 US passengers from Diamond Princess cruise ship back from Japan to US.  Some were already infected.  They were then quarantined at US military bases in California and Texas.  Later, Grand Princess cruise ship also docked at Port of Oakland, California.  They also had confirmed Covid-19 cases.


In February, US still lacked testing kits.  CDC could not develop accurate testing kits. FDA still had not approved private labs.

 

Covid-19 cases – US 24 cases, 1 death


Life in February - I started to apply for Costco membership as I thought it might be time to stock up household stuff.  I bought hand soap and toilet papers from Costco.  I went to buy N-95 masks from Home Depot which at that time, they started to run out of stock. I bought several boxes; some with 5 pieces, some with 10+ pieces.  I shared with colleagues at work and also a friend.  But then, I returned lots of them too. LoL

 

March

On Friday, March 13, 2020 at 3:33 PM, President Donald Trump announced a nationwide state of emergency due to the coronavirus COVID-19 pandemic.  Every state started to lock down.

New York City became the deadliest battle ground state for Covid-19 with the highest death toll. Hospitals could not handle streaming of Covid-19 patients plus the lack of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) (which was not just in NYC but actually across the country). 

US was still very behind on testing.  Once the CDC test was shown to be faulty, the FDA removed that restriction but that put private manufacturers weeks behind, and the U.S. was unable to catch up as the virus spread around the country. Around March 16, 2020, FDA approved the first commercial lab testing.

Covid-19 cases – US 185,992 cases, 3,806 deaths     GA 4,117 cases, 125 deaths

Life in March – I started to wear mask and gloves when going to Kroger.  I looked like an alien there.  After the state of emergency announcement, people rushed to buy household stuff like Lysol, Clorox, Cleanex, gloves, soap, hand sanitizers, etc and the shelves started to get emptied. As for rice, I could get the last 20 lb. bag of Japanese rice from CA.  I guess because not a lot of Asians lived in my area. Over San Francisco and NYC, I heard my friends could not find bag of rice at all.  Masks and hand sanitizers could not be found at all online or in store.

School started remote learning from March 16.   The same time as when I started to work from home.

I started to sew about 90 masks with the help of Jasmine and I mailed them to my relatives and friends in NYC, CA, TX and MO.


April

In April, New York City, the Covid-19 victims were wheeled from packed morgues into refrigerated trailers outside hospitals. No mourning at houses of worship, funeral homes or cemeteries. Several were buried at New York City’s Hart Island. Lines of caskets could be seen being covered with dirt in long trenches on the island earlier this month.

April 8, 2020, in Georgia, Governor Brian Kemp extends the statewide shelter in place order through the end of April.

April 21, 2020, Georgia: Governor Kemp announced on April 20 that many businesses could reopen on April 24, including "gyms, hair salons, bowling alleys and tattoo parlors", with restaurants and movie theaters allowed to reopen on April 27.[470] This move has brought widespread condemnation from inside and outside Georgia,[470][471] with Atlanta Mayor Keisha Lance Bottoms saying she will "continue to ask Atlantans to please stay at home" and Stacy Abrams, the 2018 Democratic candidate for governor, calling reopening "dangerously incompetent.[470] The Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation's April 21 prediction lists the earliest safe date for Georgia to shift from social distancing measures as June 19.[472] As of April 21, the state had more than 20,000 confirmed cases.[473]

Covid-19 cases – US 1,061,028 cases, 57,137 deaths             GA 26,269 cases, 1,132 deaths

Life in April – I did not go any where at all except went to Kroger every other weekend.  Kroger and most of the grocery stores started to change hours of operation as well.  Kroger no longer offered 24-hr service but spent end of the day each day to cleanup.  It started to have senior hours first from 7:00 – 8:00.  Besides, it also asked customers to wear mask. Maybe about 70% customers put mask on there.  I stayed away when I heard someone coughed in the store.

May

May 26, 2020, the George Floyd protests began in Minneapolis. Protesters also gathered in Atlanta.

 

Covid-19 cases – US 1,774,034 cases, 97,959 deaths             GA 47,063 cases, 2,053 deaths

Life in May – Last day of school was May 20, 2020.  Nothing much just worked from home. I got to talk to my homestay mom and dad in Japan. Mom was about 74 and dad was about 80+.   I was glad they were doing fine.  They lived in Itoshima city in Fukuoka prefecture. They said they could see the beach and ocean from where they live. Perfect!  I was planning to go see them in 2021 actually but well, I needed to wait for the virus to be under control first.


I posted in my neighbor’s Facebook group if anyone wanted free face masks.  I sew about 35 masks for my neighbors and sew about 60 more masks for my relatives and friends in NYC.


Jasmine saw Dr. Devito, Spine doctor and we learned that she did not need surgery and she could stop wearing brace.  What a BLESSING!

 

June

June 5, 2020, the Pentagon reports biggest increase in the Department of Defense since mid- April on COVID-19 cases bringing the number up to 10,462. The DoD includes military members, their dependents, contractors and civilians. The United States Navy remains as the most affected Branch as of June 5.

 

Covid-19 cases – US 2,588,017 cases, 117,028 deaths           GA 81,291 cases, 2,805 deaths

Life in June – Jasmine worked on her 2 summer courses; Health and Geometry 2. Jasmine and I went to Costco for new pairs of glasses. Yes with masks up.  I also tried to join Nihon Go Ei Go Kai which is online Zoom meeting to brush up my Japanese language a bit.


July

July 28, 2020, the CDC calls for reopening American schools, in a statement written by a White House working group that includes Redfield but has minimal representation from other CDC officials.

Cobb County planned to open the 1st semester on August 17, 2020 and would reopen as phases but as for when it depended on the scientific numbers such as hospital bed occupancy rate, and such.

Covid-19 cases – US 4,483,612 cases, 142,064 deaths           GA 186,352 cases, 3,752 deaths

Life in July – Jasmine and I went to IKEA. We had to wait in a long line but not that bad. We finally got pieces ready to build a perfect fit table for her room.

August

Lassiter High School started remote learning on August 17, 2020.

Covid-19 cases – US 5,925,031 cases, 171,957 deaths           GA 270,471 cases, 5,632 deaths

Life in August – School started again.  New laptop for Jasmine arrived in time before school started. Got my piano tuned for the very first time after … 8 years?  The tuner said it was not in a good shape any more several notes could no longer be tuned.  Too sad…. I have to think about what to do then.

 

September

Covid-19 cases – US 7,093,786 cases, 194,780 deaths           GA 318,026 cases, 7,021 deaths

Life in September – I started to do music collaboration with my friend in Thailand. I played piano and she sang.  She also composed her own lyrics and melody and I used a magic wand to turn it into music sheet.  It was kind of fun trying many music maker software. We were using Brandlab to record our tracks and I was using Cloudscore as my music sheet helper. Wow, that Cloudscore did voice recognition either from human voice or from instruments and translated it into notes on music sheet.  It was not perfect but It did help and I felt amazed with this kind of technology.  With Cloudscore, I could compose piano notes for both left and right hands and let it record and analyzed the sound of my notes and put them in music sheet. Amazing right?  I learned not to play many notes all at once as the software was still not good to differentiate the mixed sound of many notes altogether.  Then, later, I could use manual mode to add and adjust the notes and anything on the sheet. 

The 1st Presidential debate was on September 29, 2020. It was the worst debate ever.  President Trump kept talking over Joe Biden.

 

October

On October 2, 2020, President Donald Trump and First Lady Melania Trump tested positive for COVID-19, among other officials during the White House COVID-19 outbreak.

Cobb Count schools started phase opening.  For those selecting face-to-face, Phase 1 elementary school students went back to school on October 5, 2020, Phase 2, middle school students went back to school on October 19, 2020, and Phase 3, high school students went back to school on November 5, 2020.

Covid-19 cases – US 8,914,806 cases, 217,905 deaths           GA 306,790 cases, 7,979 deaths

Life in October – Got flu shot. 😊 I listened to President Trump’s Townhall meeting and Joe Biden’s Townhall meeting on October 15, 2020.  No debate that day because President Trump refused to do virtual debate due to his Covid-19.   There was the last debate between the two on October 22, 2020. This time was much better than the 1st time.  Anyway, I did not think Joe Biden’s economic policy on his proposed new minimum wage $15 could buy-in congressmen.

 

November

Covid-19 cases – US 13,105,870 cases, 253,192 deaths        GA 422,133 cases, 8,778 deaths

Life in November – My friend, Duang and her husband, Dan visited on November 27, 2020, the day after Thanksgiving. They lived in North Carolina and they came to visit their relatives’ in Georgia every year, so, they stopped by my house every visit as well. It was always good to see my good old friends.


Presidential election happened on November 2, 2020.  Georgia was a battle ground state and required recount. In the end, Joe Biden won about 12,000 votes or just 0.2%.  It was the first time after 28 years Georgia turned into blue state. And in the end, Joe Biden won over President Trump; 306 votes VS 232 votes.


December

On December 11, 2020, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration issued the first emergency use authorization (EUA) for a vaccine for the prevention of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in individuals 16 years of age and older. The emergency use authorization allows the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 Vaccine to be distributed in the U.S.

 

On December 14, 2020, The Georgia Department of Public Health (DPH) received the first shipments of COVID-19 vaccine 5,850 doses from Pfizer for administration in Georgia.

 

On December 18, 2020, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration issued an emergency use authorization (EUA) for the second vaccine for the prevention of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The emergency use authorization allows the Moderna COVID-19 Vaccine to be distributed in the U.S for use in individuals 18 years of age and older.

 

On December 24, following concerns over a new SARS-CoV-2 variant from the United Kingdom, the CDC announced testing requirements for American passengers traveling from the UK, to be administered within 72 hours, starting on December 28.

 

Covid-19 cases – US 19,005,788 cases, 326,867 deaths        GA 488,338 cases, 9,302 deaths

Life in December – Jasmine got her driving learner permit.  Wow, she can learn how to drive now.  And Yay!  Finally vaccines arrived as the best new year gift ever for all mankind. There is always light at the end of the tunnel, so, never give up our hope.  Stay healthy and stay strong and we can get through this tough time together!

 

https://www.wusa9.com/article/news/health/coronavirus/coronavirus-for-6-months-in-us/507-a1e04038-1bab-4f6c-8d77-440c3004619b

https://www.nytimes.com/article/coronavirus-timeline.html

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_on_cruise_ships

https://people.com/health/initial-cdc-coronavirus-tests-failed-contamination-inside-labs/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States

https://www.cnn.com/2020/04/11/us/hart-island-coronavirus-burials/index.html

https://dph.georgia.gov/press-releases/2020-12-14/first-doses-covid-vaccine-arrive-georgia

 

Tuesday, December 29, 2020

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1 āļ›āļĢāļ°āļĒูāļĢ āļ āļĄāļĢāļĄāļ™āļ•āļĢี āļ„ุāļĄāļŠ่āļ­āļ‡āļ—āļēāļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļŠื่āļ­āļŠāļēāļĢ āļ—āļģāđƒāļŦ้āļ—āļŦāļēāļĢ āļŦāļ™่āļ§āļĒāļ‡āļēāļ™āļĢัāļāļ•ิāļ”āļ•่āļ­āļัāļ™āđ„āļĄ่āđ„āļ”้

2 āđāļ™āļš āļžāļŦāļĨāđ‚āļĒāļ˜ิāļ™ āđāļŦāļĨ่āļ‡āđ€āļ‡ิāļ™āļ—ุāļ™āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ‚āļšāļ§āļ™āļāļēāļĢ āđƒāļ„āļĢāđ€āļ›็āļ™āđ„āļĢāđ„āļ› āđāļ™āļšāļŠ่āļ§āļĒāļ­ุāļ›āļāļēāļĢāļ°āļ„āļĢāļ­āļšāļ„āļĢัāļ§āļ—ี่āđ€āļŦāļĨืāļ­

3 āđāļ›āļĨāļ āļ‚ีāļ•āļ•āļ°āļŠัāļ‡āļ„āļ° āļŦāļĢืāļ­ āļˆāļ­āļĄāļžāļĨ āđāļ›āļĨāļ āļžิāļšูāļĨāļŠāļ‡āļ„āļĢāļēāļĄ āļŦāļĢืāļ­ āļ›. āļžิāļšูāļĨāļŠāļ‡āļ„āļĢāļēāļĄ āļŦāļĢืāļ­ āļŦāļĨāļ§āļ‡āļžิāļšูāļĨāļŠāļ‡āļ„āļĢāļēāļĄ āļ™ิāļĒāļĄāļ­āļģāļ™āļēāļˆāļ—āļŦāļēāļĢ āđāļ•่āđ€āļ›็āļ™āđāļ™āļ§āļāļēāļĢāđƒāļŠ้āļāļģāļĨัāļ‡āļ—āļŦāļēāļĢāđ€āļžื่āļ­āđƒāļŦ้āđ€āļิāļ”āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļ›็āļ™āļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļēāļ˜ิāļ›āđ„āļ•āļĒ āđ€āļ›āļĨี่āļĒāļ™āļŠื่āļ­āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĻāļˆāļēāļ "āļŠāļĒāļēāļĄ" āļĄāļēāđ€āļ›็āļ™ "āđ„āļ—āļĒ" āļĒāļāđ€āļĨิāļāļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļžāļ“ีāđ€āļ่āļēāđāļĨ้āļ§āļŦัāļ™āļĄāļēāļĢัāļšāļ§ัāļ’āļ™āļ˜āļĢāļĢāļĄāļ•āļ°āļ§ัāļ™āļ•āļāļ—ี่āļĄāļ­āļ‡āļ§่āļēāļ—ัāļ™āļŠāļĄัāļĒāļĄāļēāļāļĒิ่āļ‡āļ‚ึ้āļ™ āļ§āļēāļ‡āļĢāļ°āđ€āļšีāļĒāļšāļāļēāļĢāđƒāļŠ้āļ„āļģāđāļ—āļ™āļŠื่āļ­āđ€āļ›็āļ™āļĄāļēāļ•āļĢāļāļēāļ™ āđ€āļŠ่āļ™ āļ‰ัāļ™, āļ—่āļēāļ™ āļ”āļģāļĢāļ‡āļ•āļģāđāļŦāļ™่āļ‡āļ™āļēāļĒāļāļĢัāļāļĄāļ™āļ•āļĢีāļĢāļ°āļŦāļ§่āļēāļ‡āļ›ี 2481 āļ–ึāļ‡ 2487 āđāļĨāļ° 2491 āļ–ึāļ‡ 2500 āļĢāļ§āļĄāļĢāļ°āļĒāļ°āđ€āļ§āļĨāļē 14 āļ›ี 11 āđ€āļ”ืāļ­āļ™ āļĢāļ°āļŦāļ§่āļēāļ‡āļŠāļ‡āļ„āļĢāļēāļĄāđ‚āļĨāļāļ„āļĢั้āļ‡āļ—ี่āļŠāļ­āļ‡ (2482-2488) āļˆāļ­āļĄāļžāļĨāļ›. āļ›āļĢāļ°āļāļēāļĻāđ€āļ›็āļ™āļžัāļ™āļ˜āļĄิāļ•āļĢāļัāļšāļี่āļ›ุ่āļ™āđāļĨāļ°āđ€āļ‚้āļēāļĢ่āļ§āļĄāļ่āļēāļĒāļ­ัāļāļĐāļ°(āđ€āļĒāļ­āļĢāļĄāļ™ี āļ­ิāļ•āļēāļĨี āļี่āļ›ุ่āļ™) āđƒāļ™āļ‚āļ“āļ°āļ—ี่āļ›āļĢีāļ”ีāļœู้āļ™āļģāļ‚āļšāļ§āļ™āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļŠāļĢีāđ„āļ—āļĒāđ€āļŠ้āļēāļĢ่āļ§āļĄāļัāļšāļ่āļēāļĒāļŠัāļĄāļžัāļ™āļ˜āļĄิāļ•āļĢ (āļ­āđ€āļĄāļĢิāļāļē āļ­ัāļ‡āļāļĪāļĐ āļĢัāļŠāđ€āļ‹ืāļĒ āļˆีāļ™)

āļˆāļ­āļĄāļžāļĨāļ›. āļ™ัāļšāđ€āļ›็āļ™āļ™āļēāļĒāļāļĢัāļāļĄāļ™āļ•āļĢีāļ—ี่āļ”āļģāļĢāļ‡āļ•āļģāđāļŦāļ™่āļ‡āļ™āļēāļ™āļ—ี่āļŠุāļ” āļž่āļēāļĒāļāļēāļĢāđāļ‚่āļ‡āļ‚ัāļ™āļŠิāļ‡āļ­ิāļ—āļ˜ิāļžāļĨāļัāļšāļāļĨุ่āļĄāļāļĐัāļ•āļĢิāļĒ์āļ™ิāļĒāļĄāļˆāļ™āļž้āļ™āļˆāļēāļāļ•āļģāđāļŦāļ™่āļ‡āđƒāļ™āļĢัāļāļ›āļĢāļ°āļŦāļēāļĢāļ›ี 2500 āļ™āļģāđ‚āļ”āļĒāļˆāļ­āļĄāļžāļĨ āļŠāļĪāļĐāļ”ิ์ āļ˜āļ™āļ°āļĢัāļŠāļ•์ āļ™ัāļšāđāļ•่āļ™ั้āļ™āđ€āļ‚āļēāļĨี้āļ ัāļĒāđƒāļ™āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĻāļี่āļ›ุ่āļ™āļˆāļ™āđ€āļŠีāļĒāļŠีāļ§ิāļ•

4 āļ•ั้āļ§ āļĨāļžāļēāļ™ุāļāļĢāļĄ āļŠāļĄāļēāļŠิāļāļœู้āļŠāļ–āļēāļ›āļ™āļēāļ„āļ“āļ°āļĢāļēāļĐāļŽāļĢāļŠāļēāļĒāļ§ิāļ—āļĒāļēāļĻāļēāļŠāļ•āļĢ์āđāļĨāļ°āđ€āļ āļŠัāļŠāļĻāļēāļŠāļ•āļĢ์ āļ”āļģāļĢāļ‡āļ•āļģāđāļŦāļ™่āļ‡āļ­āļ˜ิāļšāļ”ีāļāļĢāļĄāļ§ิāļ—āļĒāļēāļĻāļēāļŠāļ•āļĢ์āļ„āļ™āđāļĢāļ āđāļĨāļ°āđ„āļ”้āļŠāļĢ้āļēāļ‡āļ„ุāļ“ูāļ›āļāļēāļĢāļ•่āļ­āļ§āļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļ§ิāļ—āļĒāļēāļĻāļēāļŠāļ•āļĢ์āđ„āļ—āļĒāļ­āļĒ่āļēāļ‡āļĒิ่āļ‡ āļ‹ึ่āļ‡āļĄีāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļĢุāļ”āļŦāļ™้āļēāļ­āļĒ่āļēāļ‡āļĄāļēāļāđƒāļ™āļŠāļĄัāļĒāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ•ั้āļ§ āđ€āļŠีāļĒāļ”āļēāļĒāđ€āļŠีāļĒāļŠีāļ§ิāļ•āđ€āļĢ็āļ§āļ•āļ­āļ™āļ­āļēāļĒุ 43 āļ”้āļ§āļĒāđ‚āļĢāļ„āđ„āļŠ้āļ•ิ่āļ‡āļ­ัāļāđ€āļŠāļš

5 āļ›āļĢีāļ”ี āļžāļ™āļĄāļĒāļ‡āļ„์ āļŦāļĢืāļ­ āļŦāļĨāļ§āļ‡āļ›āļĢāļ°āļ”ิāļĐāļ์āļĄāļ™ูāļ˜āļĢāļĢāļĄ āđ€āļ›็āļ™āļœู้āļ่āļ­āļ•ั้āļ‡āļ„āļ“āļ°āļĢāļēāļĐāļāļĢ์āļŠāļēāļĒāļāļāļŦāļĄāļēāļĒ āļŦัāļ§āļŦāļ™้āļēāļŠāļĄāļēāļŠิāļāļ„āļ“āļ°āļĢāļēāļĐāļŽāļĢāļŠāļēāļĒāļžāļĨāđ€āļĢืāļ­āļ™ āļœู้āļ›āļĢāļ°āļĻāļēāļŠāļ™์āļāļēāļĢ (āļœู้āļ่āļ­āļ•ั้āļ‡) āļĄāļŦāļēāļ§ิāļ—āļĒāļēāļĨัāļĒāļ§ิāļŠāļēāļ˜āļĢāļĢāļĄāļĻāļēāļŠāļ•āļĢ์āđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļĄืāļ­āāđāļĨāļ°āđ€āļ›็āļ™āļœู้āļ่āļ­āļ•ั้āļ‡āļ˜āļ™āļēāļ„āļēāļĢāļŠāļēāļ•ิāđ„āļ—āļĒ (āļ›ัāļˆāļˆุāļšัāļ™āļ„ืāļ­ āļ˜āļ™āļēāļ„āļēāļĢāđāļŦ่āļ‡āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĻāđ„āļ—āļĒ) āļŦāļĨัāļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļ›āļิāļ§ัāļ•ิāļŠāļĒāļēāļĄāđƒāļ™āļ›ี 2475 āđ€āļ‚āļēāļĄีāļšāļ—āļšāļēāļ—āļŠāļģāļ„ัāļāđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļĢ่āļēāļ‡āļĢัāļāļ˜āļĢāļĢāļĄāļ™ูāļāļŠāļ­āļ‡āļ‰āļšัāļšāđāļĢāļāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĻ āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļŦ็āļ™āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āđ€āļ‚āļēāđāļ•āļāļัāļšāđāļ›āļĨāļ āļžิāļšูāļĨāļŠāļ‡āļ„āļĢāļēāļĄ āđ€āļ‚āļēāđ„āļ”้āļĢัāļšāđāļ•่āļ‡āļ•ั้āļ‡āđ€āļ›็āļ™āļœู้āļŠāļģāđ€āļĢ็āļˆāļĢāļēāļŠāļāļēāļĢāđāļ—āļ™āļžāļĢāļ°āļ­āļ‡āļ„์āđƒāļ™āļŠāļĄāđ€āļ”็āļˆāļžāļĢāļ°āđ€āļˆ้āļēāļ­āļĒู่āļŦัāļ§āļ­āļēāļ™ัāļ™āļ—āļĄāļŦิāļ”āļĨāļĢāļ°āļŦāļ§่āļēāļ‡āļ›ี 2484 āļ–ึāļ‡ 2488 āļ›āļĢีāļ”ีāđ€āļ›็āļ™āļœู้āļ™āļģāļ‚āļšāļ§āļ™āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļŠāļĢีāđ„āļ—āļĒāđ€āļ‚้āļēāļĢ่āļ§āļĄāļัāļšāļ่āļēāļĒāļŠัāļĄāļžัāļ™āļ˜āļĄิāļ•āļĢāđƒāļ™āļŠ่āļ§āļ‡āļŠāļ‡āļ„āļĢāļēāļĄāđ‚āļĨāļāļ„āļĢั้āļ‡āļ—ี่āļŠāļ­āāļ‚āļ“āļ°āļ™ั้āļ™āļˆāļ­āļĄāļžāļĨāļ›. āļ›āļĢāļ°āļāļēāļĻāđ€āļŠ้āļēāļĢ่āļ§āļĄāļัāļšāļ่āļēāļĒāļ­ัāļāļĐāļ° āļ•่āļ­āļĄāļēāļ่āļēāļĒāļ­ัāļāļĐāļ°āļž่āļēāļĒāđāļž้ āđāļ•่āđ€āļ™ื่āļ­āļ‡āļˆāļēāļāđ„āļ—āļĒāđ„āļ”้āļŠ่āļ§āļĒāļ่āļēāļĒāļŠัāļĄāļžัāļ™āļ˜āļĄิāļ•āļĢ āļ่āļēāļĒāļŠัāļĄāļžัāļ™āļ˜āļĄิāļ•āļĢāļˆึāļ‡āđ„āļĄ่āļ–ืāļ­āđ‚āļ—āļĐāđ„āļ—āļĒāļ§่āļēāđ€āļ›็āļ™āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĻāļœู้āđāļž้āļŠāļ‡āļ„āļĢāļēāļĄ

6 āļ—ัāļĻāļ™ัāļĒ āļĄิāļ•āļĢāļ ัāļāļ”ี āļŦāļĢืāļ­ āļŦāļĨāļ§āļ‡āļ—ัāļĻāļ™ัāļĒāļ™ิāļĒāļĄāļĻึāļ āđƒāļ™āļāļēāļ™āļ°āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ™āļēāļĒāļ—āļŦāļēāļĢāļĄ้āļē āļŦāļĨāļ§āļ‡āļ—ัāļĻāļ™ัāļĒāļ™ิāļĒāļĄāļĻึāļāđ„āļ”้āđ€āļ›็āļ™āļŦัāļ§āđ€āļĢี่āļĒāļ§āļŦัāļ§āđāļĢāļ‡āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ„āļ“āļ° āđ‚āļ”āļĒāđ€āļ›็āļ™āļœู้āļšัāļ‡āļ„ัāļšāļšัāļāļŠāļēāļāļēāļĢāļ—āļŦāļēāļĢāđ‚āļ”āļĒāđ€āļ‰āļžāļēāļ°āđƒāļ™āļŠ่āļ§āļ™āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ—āļŦāļēāļĢāļĄ้āļē āđāļĨāļ°āļĢāļ–āļĢāļš, āļĢāļ–āļŦุ้āļĄāđ€āļāļĢāļēāļ° (āļĢāļ–āļ–ัāļ‡) āļ­ัāļ™āđ€āļ›็āļ™āļ­āļēāļ§ุāļ˜āļŠāļģāļ„ัāļāļ›āļĢāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļŦāļ™ึ่āļ‡āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļ่āļ­āļāļēāļĢāļ„āļĢั้āļ‡āļ™ั้āļ™

7 āļˆāļĢูāļ āļŠิāļ‡āļŦāđ€āļŠāļ™ี āļŦāļĢืāļ­ āļŦāļĨāļ§āļ‡āļŠิāļĢิāļĢāļēāļŠāđ„āļĄāļ•āļĢี āđ€āļ„āļĒāđ€āļ›็āļ™āļ™ัāļāđ€āļĢีāļĒāļ™āļ§ิāļŠāļēāļāļŽāļŦāļĄāļēāļĒāđƒāļ™āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĻāļāļĢั่āļ‡āđ€āļĻāļŠ āļ”้āļ§āļĒāļ—ุāļ™āļāļĢāļ°āļ—āļĢāļ§āļ‡āļĒุāļ•ิāļ˜āļĢāļĢāļĄ āļ•่āļ­āļĄāļēāđ„āļ”้āđ€āļ›็āļ™āļœู้āļŠ่āļ§āļĒāļĢāļēāļŠāļāļēāļĢāļŠāļ–āļēāļ™āļ—ูāļ•āļŠāļĒāļēāļĄāļ›āļĢāļ°āļˆāļģāļāļĢุāļ‡āļ›āļēāļĢีāļŠ āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĻāļāļĢั่āļ‡āđ€āļĻāļŠ āđƒāļ™āļ•āļģāđāļŦāļ™่āļ‡āđ€āļĨāļ‚āļēāļ™ุāļāļēāļĢāđ€āļ­āļāļ­ัāļ„āļĢāļĢāļēāļŠāļ—ูāļ•

āļ™āļēāļĒāļˆāļĢูāļāđ„āļ”้āđ€āļ‚้āļēāļĢ่āļ§āļĄāļัāļšāļ„āļ“āļ°āļĢāļēāļĐāļŽāļĢ āļˆāļēāļāļāļēāļĢāļŠัāļāļŠāļ§āļ™āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ™āļēāļĒāļ›āļĢีāļ”ี āļžāļ™āļĄāļĒāļ‡āļ„์ āļ™ัāļāđ€āļĢีāļĒāļ™āļ§ิāļŠāļēāļāļŽāļŦāļĄāļēāļĒ āļ—ุāļ™āļāļĢāļ°āļ—āļĢāļ§āļ‡āļĒุāļ•ิāļ˜āļĢāļĢāļĄāđ€āļŠ่āļ™āđ€āļ”ีāļĒāļ§āļัāļ™  āļˆāļĢูāļāļ–ืāļ­āđ€āļ›็āļ™āđ€āļžีāļĒāļ‡āļ„āļ™āđ€āļ”ีāļĒāļ§āļ—ี่āļĄิāđ„āļ”้āļĄีāļŠāļ–āļēāļ™āļ āļēāļžāđ€āļ›็āļ™āļ™ัāļāđ€āļĢีāļĒāļ™āļŦāļĢืāļ­āļ™ัāļāļĻึāļāļĐāļēāđƒāļ™āļ„āļ“āļ°āļĢāļēāļĐāļŽāļĢāļŠุāļ”āđāļĢāļāļ—ี่āļĄีāļāļēāļĢāļ่āļ­āļ•ัāļ§āļ‚ึ้āļ™ 7 āļ„āļ™